Electric vehicle as a service (EVaaS):applications, challenges and enablers

Under the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) concept, electric vehicles (EVs) can be deployed as loads to absorb excess production or as distributed energy resources to supply part of their stored energy back to the grid. This paper overviews the technologies, technical components and system requirements needed for EV deployment. Electric vehicle as a service (EVaaS) exploits V2G technology to develop a system where suitable EVs within the distribution network are chosen individually or in aggregate to exchange energy with the grid, individual customers or both. The EVaaS framework is introduced, and interactions among EVaaS subsystems such as EV batteries, charging stations, loads and advanced metering infrastructure are studied. The communication infrastructure and processing facilities that enable data and information exchange between EVs and the grid are reviewed. Different strategies for EV charging/discharging and their impact on the distribution grid are reviewed. Several market designs that incentivize energy trading in V2G environments are discussed. The benefits of V2G are studied from the perspectives of ancillary services, supporting of renewables and the environment. The challenges to V2G are studied with respect to battery degradation, energy conversion losses and effects on distribution system

Blockchain-Based Energy Trading in ElectricVehicle Enabled Microgrids

This article presents a blockchain-basedscheme for energy trading between electric vehicles(prosumers) and critical load (consumer) in a mi-crogrid. Unlike traditional wholesale energy mar-kets where retailers sell energy to consumers, ourproposed model directly connects prosumers withconsumers to exchange energy. We exploit blockchaintechnology to establish a trusted energy tradingecosystem. The article provides an overview of theblockchain enabled architecture that facilitates peer-to-peer energy trade in a logical network, using thebuilding blocks provided by 5G network. An energytrading prototype is developed to remotely monitorenergy trading activities between prosumers and con-sumer, using graphical user interface. Experimentalresults based on a real map of Paisley illustrate thatthe energy trading system is effective in finding,associating and routing prosumers to consumers,while protecting privacy of entities. Numerical resultsshow a favorable performance of our optimizationmodel in comparison to traditional frameworks